- ACLS BLS for Adults
- Initiating the Chain of Survival
- 2025 BLS Guideline Changes
- One Rescuer Adult BLS CPR
- Two Rescuer Adult BLS CPR
- Adult Mouth-to-Mask and Bag-Mask Ventilation
- Adult Basic Life Support (BLS) Algorithm
- BLS for Children/Infants
- CPR Steps for Children
- One-Rescuer BLS/CPR for Infant (newborn to age 12 months)
- CPR Steps for Infants
- Child/Infant Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation
- ACLS Cases Respiratory Arrest
- Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation
- Pulseless Electrical Activity Asystole
- Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm
- Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
- Adult Immediate Post-Cardiac Arrest Care Algorithm
- Symptomatic Bradycardia
- Adult Bradycardia with Pulse Algorithm
- Tachycardia
- Stable And Unstable Tachycardia
- Adult Tachycardia With Pulse Algorithm
- Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Acute Coronary Syndrome Algorithm
- Acute Stroke
- Acute Stroke Algorithm
Routes Of Access
In ACLS, intravenous (IV) access is the preferred route for drug and fluid administration. If IV access cannot be obtained, intraosseous (IO) access should be used. Endotracheal (ET) drug administration is not recommended due to poor absorption and unknown optimal dosing. Below are the priorities for vascular access.
INTRAVENOUS ROUTE
A peripheral IV is preferred for drug and fluid administration unless central line access is already available. Central line access is not necessary during most resuscitation attempts, as it may cause interruptions in CPR and complications during insertion. Placing a peripheral line does not require CPR interruption.
If a drug is given via peripheral route of administration, do the following:
- Intravenously push bolus injection (unless otherwise indicated).
- Flush with 20 mL of fluid or saline.
- Raise extremity for 10 to 20 seconds to enhance delivery of drug to circulation.
INTRAOSSEOUS ROUTE
Drugs and fluids can be delivered safely and effectively during resuscitation via the IO route if IV access is not available.
IO access can be used for all age groups, can be placed in less than one minute, and has more predictable absorption than the ET route.
When using peripheral IV route of administration, drugs can take up to two minutes or more to reach central circulation. The effect of medications given may not be seen until even longer. High-quality CPR helps circulate these drugs and is an important part of resuscitation.
Any ACLS drug or fluid that can be administered intravenously can also be given intraosseously.
If possible, administer any medication IV or IO early in any two-minute CPR segment.
